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Glossary
Glossary of "Terms
and Phrases" used in Narrative Reports regarding head
and facial pain and TMJ disorders. The following glossary
is provided to assist in understanding some of the technical
terms used in our Narrative Reports. These ARE NOT definitions
taken directly from a dictionary. They are the working definitions
which we employ. Terms and phrases are listed in the order
that they are most likely to be found in our Narrative Reports.
They are also cross-referenced in alphabetical order. If
we can be of any further assistance, please do not hesitate
to call.
- Mandible - lower jaw
- Ramus - vertical section of the
mandible in front of the ear
- Body - horizontal section of the
mandible at the bottom of the face
- Condyle - a "ball" which
fits into a socket
- Glenoid Fossa - the socket within
the temporal bone of the skull which forms the roof and
side of the temporomandibular joint
- Disc - (meniscus) a structure
which fits between the condyle and skull and is held in
place by muscles and ligaments. This structure and its
attached ligaments are typically damaged permanently as
a result of cervical sprain/strain (whiplash) type injuries
- Occipital - back of the head
- Temporal - temples
- Parietal - side of the head
- Anterior Neck Muscles Anchor the Mandible
Resulting in a Dislocation of the TM Joint
- Vertex - top of the head
- Frontal - forehead
- Retro-orbital (retro-bulbar) -
behind the eyes
- Sub-occipital - back of the neck
just below the skull
- Zygomatic and Maxillary region
- area of the cheeks
- Pre, Post, Supra,
Infra-auricular - in front of, behind, on top of,
below the ear
- Digital Palpation - involves the
application of pressure by the examiner's fingers
- Functional Manipulation
- contraction of muscles by the patient when asked
- Bilateral
- both sides
- Hyperalgesia
- excessive sensitivity to pain
- Upper Quarter
- head, neck, shoulders
NOTE: Structures listed
under Clinical Examination are principally muscles of the
head and neck. In the Clinical Examination section, a substantial
list of muscles and other structures may be listed. When
a specific muscle is painful, it is listed by its name.
The attachments and function for many are listed below.
Others can be found in other areas within this glossary.
Please see the alphabetical listing.
DIGASTRIC
Attaches From:
Posterior belly from mastoid bone; anterior belly from anterior
aspect of mandible
Attaches To:
Both bellies by tendon which passes through a loop attached
to the hyoid bone
Function:Raises hyoid bone and base of tongue, steadies
hyoid bone
TRAPEZIUS
Attaches From:
Occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Attaches To: Shoulder (Clavicle,
Scapula)
Function: Steadies the Scapula
and controls its function in movements of the arm; draws
the head back and laterally
EXTERNAL PTERYGOID
Attaches From:
Upper head from sphenoid bone; lower head from lateral pterygoid
plate
Attaches To:
Mandibular condyle and capsule of TM joint Function: Protrudes
mandible, pulls articular disc forward; assists in rotary
motion while chewing
INTERNAL PTERYGOID
Attaches From:
Lateral pterygoid plate and palatine bone
Attaches To:
Lower part of ramus and angle of mandible
Function:
Protracts and elevates lower jaw; assists in rotary motion
while chewing
SCALENUS ANTICUS
Attaches From:
C3, C4, C5, C6 vertebrae
Attaches To:
First rib
Function:
Elevates first rib; flexes and rotates cervical column
SCALENUS MEDIUS
Attaches From:
C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 vertebrae
Attaches To:
First rib lateral to scalenus anticus
Function:
Elevates first rib; flexes cervical column laterally
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
(SCM)
Attaches From:
Upper part of the sternum and upper surface of clavicle
Attaches To:
Mastoid process of temporal bone
Function:
Singly, draws head toward shoulder and rotates it pointing
chin cranially and to opposite side; together, flex head;
raise thorax when head is fixed
MASSETER
Attaches From:
Zygomatic arch
Attaches To:
Angle of mandible
Function:
Elevates jaw, clenches teeth
TEMPORALIS
Attaches From:
Lateral aspect of the skull
Attaches To:
Coronoid process and ramus of mandible
Function:
Elevates jaw, retracts mandible, clenches teeth
SPHENOMANDIBULARIS
Attaches From:
Greater wing of the sphenoid bone behind the orbit
Attaches To:
Temporal crest of the mandible
Function:
Believed to aid in elevating the mandible
ZYGOMANDIBULARIS
Attaches From:
Posterior region of the orbital part of the zygomatic bone
and the sphenoid bone
Attaches To:
Anterior mandibular ramus
Function:
Believed to aid in elevating the mandible
CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII
Attaches From:
Superior aspect of orbit
Attaches To:
Skin of medial half of eyebrow
Function:
Draws eyebrows downward and medially, produces wrinkles
in frowning; principle muscle in expression of suffering
SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL
CONSTRICTOR
Attaches From:
Posterior to the palate, mandible, side of tongue
Attaches To:
Identical muscle on opposite side, occipital bone Function:
Contracts pharynx in swallowing
Special Note:
Dysfunction of this muscle or its attachment can result
in referral of pain to the throat, and a sensation of sore
throat, difficulty breathing or swallowing
Maximum Intercuspation
- maximum intermeshing of teeth (this is used in a test
in which the patient is asked to bite as hard as possible)
Coronoid Process
- a section of the mandible approximately 1 inch in front
of the condyle
Longus Colli - a
thin muscle along the front surface of the vertebrae. In
whiplash type injuries, it frequently is severely over-stretched
or torn. Subsequently, it goes into spasm and causes the
vertebrae to lose their normal curved relationship. This
also results in the head being displaced in front of the
body instead of over the shoulders. This puts a tremendous
strain on the muscles of the neck and back.
Anterior Belly, Posterior
Belly - the digastric muscle has two sections. The bulk
of each of these muscles is called a belly.
Palpable Band - a
band of hardened tissue that can be felt with the fingers
Jump Sign - a pain
response by the patient, which results from compressing
a tender area
Twitch Response -
sudden movement of a damaged muscle which occurs when it
is examined
Scalenus Muscles
- a group of muscles which pass within the neck
Ultrasonic Doppler Sonography
- An ultrasonic testing device which operates on the same
principle as Doppler Radar. It allows the listener to hear
blood flowing through arteries, and recognize the presence
of stretched ligaments and perforated or displaced discs.
Provocation Testing
- testing of a structure by direct compression
Diagnostic Anesthetic
Block - use of local anesthetics by injection to determine
the probable cause of pain
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Syndrome - a painful condition of the mid-back, between
the shoulder blades, resulting from entrapment of a nerve
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
- a syndrome involving pain or a numb sensation in the arms
resulting from compression of a nerve or artery
Stylomandibular Ligament
- a ligament connecting the styloid process (which attaches
to the mastoid bone of the skull), and the posterior aspect
of the mandible approximately 1 cm below the ear lobe
Short Head of the Temporal
Tendon - tendinous attachment of the temporalis muscle
at the tip of the coronoid process of the mandible
Long Head of the Temporal
Tendon - tendinous attachment of the temporalis muscle
to an area of the mandible above and behind the molar teeth
Infra-Hyoid Musculature
- the muscles below the hyoid bone connecting to the upper
chest
Palpation - process
of examining by application of the hands or fingers to the
surface of the body to detect evidence of disease or abnormalities
in the various organs
Auditory Canals -
the opening into the ear. Its anterior wall forms the posterior
wall of the temporomandibular joint.
Range of Motion Studies
- measurements of jaw movement which can aid in diagnosis
Craniocervical -
refers to the head and neck
Intervertebral Foramen
- opening between vertebrae which allows the passage of
nerves and blood vessels
Mannkopf-Rumpf's Test
- an objective test of the patient's experience of pain
Fixation of a Vertebra
- vertebrae sometimes rotate and "jam" into a
particular position preventing normal rotation and potentially
inhibiting nerve and blood vessel function
Interincisal - between
the edges of the upper and lower front teeth
Lateral Deviation
- a side shift by the mandible upon opening or closing.
There should not be any lateral deviation.
Anterior Head Posture
- normally the head should be directly over the shoulders.
If it is postured forward, a tremendous strain results.
The actual position of the head is measured between the
posterior aspect of the back of the neck and a line tangent
to the thoracic spine.
Deglutition Testing
- testing of the swallow mechanism
Swallow Dysphagia
- abnormal functioning of the swallow mechanism; difficulty
swallowing
Myotatic Reflex -
Stretch reflex; reflex contraction by a group of muscles
under certain conditions
Anterior Cervical Muscles
- muscles of the front of the neck
Reflex Hyperactivity
- increased activity or spasm of muscle as a result of an
automatic reflex
Masticatory Elevator
Muscles - the muscles which close the jaw
Surface Electrodes
- electrodes which are used to pick up electrical activity
without the use of needles. These electrodes stick to the
skin.
Craniofacial - refers
to the head and face
Lamina Dura - the
ligaments between the root of a tooth and its supporting
bone. These appear as a space on an x-ray.
Bruxism - grinding
ones teeth - a natural activity in humans and lower animals
Parafunctional Habit
- use of the mouth or jaw in an abnormal fashion, such as
for clenching, grinding, biting one's nails, etc.
Dentition - refers
to the teeth
Mandibular Dysfunction
- another way of saying temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Occlusal Interference
- problems in the patient's bite, such as high cusps or
fillings
Epidemiologic - studies
of diseases within populations, as opposed to within individuals
Anterior Vertebral Muscles
- the muscles which connect the vertebrae together along
their anterior surfaces
Longus Colli - a
thin muscle along the front surface of the vertebrae. In
whiplash type injuries, it frequently is severely over-stretched
or torn. Subsequently, it goes into spasm and causes the
vertebrae to lose their normal curved relationship. This
also results in the head being displaced in front of the
body instead of over the shoulders. This puts a tremendous
strain on the muscles of the neck and back.
Reverse Curve - in
the neck, a lordosis is the normal type of curve. If the
normal curve (lordosis) of the neck is reversed, a kyphosis
is formed.
Reverse Bow - in
this case, a reverse curve within a segment of the cervical
spine
Inferior Segment
- the lowest three or four cervical vertebrae closest to
the thoracic spine
Degenerative Changes
- in this case, break down and irregularities of bone
Intervertebral Space
- the space between two vertebrae. When this space is reduced,
disc damage has commonly occurred.
Tomograph - A special
type of x-ray which shows "slices" of sections
of bone, thereby allowing a more detailed evaluation of
the structure than could be obtained with "plain film"
x-rays.
Transorbital Radiographs
Of The TMJ - Radiograph of the TM joint taken from front
to back (passing through the orbit of the eye) allowing
a medio-lateral (side to side) view of the condyle.
Thermograph - Device
for registering (on a photograph) variations of heat on
a patient's body. This can be used to assist in diagnosis
of various pathological conditions.
Neuro - nerve
Electromyogram -
in this case, a computerized system for determining electrical
activity within specific muscles of the head, face, and
neck. Surface electrodes are employed rather than needles,
making this a totally painless procedure. Objective, numerical,
and graphic readings are provided by the EMG's computer.
This allows us to determine which muscles may be most significantly
involved in the patient's dysfunction. Since the numerical
values provided are completely objective, this test can
demonstrate whether a patient is likely to be a malingerer.
Orthosis - orthopedic
appliance; orthotic appliance; device employed to straighten
or correct a deformity or disability. We employ a variety
of different orthoses with various functions.
Lateral Collateral Ligament
- ligaments which support the disc within the temporomandibular
joint to the lateral aspect of the TMJ condyle
Medial Collateral Ligament
- ligaments which support the disc within the temporomandibular
joint to the medial aspect of the TMJ condyle
Posterior Ligamentous
Attachment - the attachment of the posterior ligaments
to the posterior aspect of the TMJ disc
Perforation - hole
Anterior Disc Displacement
without Reduction - dislocation of the disc away from
its normal position to a position in front of the condyle.
In this, frequently excruciatingly painful condition, the
disc is jammed into an abnormal position and does not return
to its normal location. Gradually the disc and its ligaments
degenerate and degenerative arthritis develops.
Anterior Disc Displacement
with Reduction - a condition similar to the above, however
enough integrity of the ligaments is maintained, that the
disc is repositioned normally over the condyle in certain
positions of the mandible
Vascular Pooling
- edema, swelling
Articular Cartilage
- the cartilage which overlies the bone within the temporomandibular
joint
Chondromalacia -
degeneration of the articular cartilage
Hemorrhage - bleeding,
clotting
Fibrous Adhesion
- pathological attachment between two surfaces which would
not be joined in the normal healthy state. Frequently occurs
within the TM joint as a result of hemorrhage into the joint
following cervical sprains or direct trauma to the jaw.
Myalgia - muscle
pain
Myofasciitis - inflamed
condition of a muscle and its fascia
Arthropathy - diseased
joint
Cervicalgia - neck
pain
Swallow Dysphagia
- abnormal functioning of the swallow mechanism; difficulty
swallowing
Otalgia - pain or
blockage of the ear
Tinnitus - ringing,
buzzing, or roaring sounds in the ear
Vertigo - dizziness
Coronoid Tendonitis
- inflammation or pain of the tendon which attaches to the
coronoid process of the mandible (a bony segment of the
mandible)
Interstitial Myofibrositis
- a degenerative change in muscle characterized by abnormal
intra- and extra-cellular components. Such muscles are highly
irritable and easily go into spasm. Resulting pain may be
localized or referred to other areas.
Posterior Capsulitis
- inflammation of the posterior aspect of the temporo-mandibular
joint
Stylomandibular Ligament
Sprain Syndrome - a pain pattern produced by injury
to the stylomandibular ligament which may include pain in
the head, ear, face, eye and/or neck
Temporal Tendonitis
- inflammation of the temporal tendon. This often produces
a pain pattern which may include referral to the head, face,
eye and/or neck
Temporalis Muscle
- the muscle located along the side of the head which is
used to close the mouth. It has a narrow tendon (temporal
tendon) which passes deep to the zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
to attach to the lower jaw.
Omohyoid Syndrome
- a syndrome of head, face, neck, shoulder and chest pain
which frequently occurs along with vomiting
Hyoid Syndrome -
a syndrome of head, face, neck, shoulder and chest pain
related to fracture of the hyoid bone or injury to its attached
tendons and ligaments
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor
Muscle Syndrome - a syndrome of pain in the head, face
and neck, difficulty breathing or swallowing, and sore throat
which results from injury to the superior pharyngeal constrictor
muscle
Physical Medicine Modalities
- therapeutic modalities such as electrogalvanic stimulation
(EGS; high voltage stimulation), ultrasound, hydrocollator
or cryotherapy (cold therapy), which are employed to aid
in returning muscles and joints to normal function and reduce
pain
Postural Relationship
of the Head and Shoulders - the head is normally maintained
in a specified position over the shoulders. Typically following
neck injuries, the head changes position. It is important
that this position be returned to normal to prevent subsequent
degeneration and pain.
Arthrodial Protractor
- a large protractor used for measuring range of motion
of joints
Superficial Temporal
Artery - provides arterial blood to the temporomandibular
joint and several muscles of the head
Transcranial - across
the skull
Transcranial Oblique
Radiographs - (TOR) x-ray of the TM joints taken across
the skull from the side
Corrected TOR - are
taken at an angle individualized to the patient by measuring
the medio-lateral axes of the condyles on Submental Vertex
Radiographs
Submental Vertex Radiographs
- x-ray of the skull taken through the skull from below
the chin
Lateral Skull x-ray
- see cephalometric radiograph
Cephalometric Radiograph
- x-ray of the skull and cervical vertebrae taken from the
side
A-P Skull Radiograph
- x-ray of the skull taken from front to back
P-A Skull Radiograph
- x-ray of the skull taken from back to front
Tomogram (Laminogram)
- a special x-ray which allows you to see a "slice"
of bone without the interference of other bony structures
which are in line with the structure being visualized
Coronal View - an
x-ray taken on an angle from the front to the side of the
skull to visualize the width of the temporomandibular joint
condyles
Orthopantograph -
a special type of tomogram which shows the lower half of
the face including the lower and upper jaws and sinuses
Styloid Process -
a very thin finger-like projection of bone at the base of
the skull medial to the ear lobe.
Condyle - the ball
of the temporomandibular joint which fits into its socket
(fossa)
Morphology - shape
Displaced - not in
the correct position
Glenoid Fossa - the
socket within the temporal bone of the skull which forms
the roof and side of the temporomandibular joint
Normal Concavity
- normal dished out shape of the socket
Translation - forward
movement or position of the condyle when the mouth opens
fully
Hypercycloidal Tomography
- a special type of tomogram
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR) - See Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) - a method of visualizing soft tissue in order
to diagnose damaged and mal-positioned TMJ discs - as well
as diseases in other parts of the body
Arthrogram - a method
of visualizing the disc of the temporomandibular joint.
It requires injection of contrast media into the joint and
multiple x-rays
CAT Scan (CT) - a
computerized x-ray system which allows visualization of
the disc within the temporomandibular joint
Trismus - inability
to open the mouth
Ricketts, Robert
- a researcher and clinician
Bilaminar Zone -
the posterior aspect of the TM joint, which includes especially
the blood vessels that supply the area. It also contains
nerves, connective tissue, and ligaments.
Osseous Pathosis
- bone disease
Inflammatory Osteoarthritis
- inflammation of joint structures, frequently due to trauma
Intracapsular - inside
the capsule of a joint
Craniovertebral -
the connection and relationship of the skull with the vertebrae
of the neck
C1, C2, C3, etc.
- each of the vertebrae of the neck are referred to by the
letter "C", followed by its position below the
skull. For example, C1 is the first cervical vertebra.
Atlas - C1, first
cervical vertebra
Axis - C2, second
cervical vertebra
Dens of C2 - the
vertical, finger-like projection of C2, which fits within
the front part of the ring of C1
McGregor's Plane
- an imaginary line connecting two points on a Lateral Skull
Radiograph
Basi-occiput - the
inferior segment of the occipital bone adjacent to the foramen
magnum (opening of the skull between the brain and the spinal
cord)
Posterior Spinous Process
- the horizontal projection from the back part of a vertebra
Sub-occipital Nerves
- the nerves in the region just below the skull
Posteriorization of the
Mandible - displacement of the lower jaw posteriorly
(towards the back of the head)
Airway Space - the
space within the oropharyngeal region which allows air to
pass to the lungs
Supra- and Infra-hyoid
Musculature - the muscles which attach to the hyoid
bone
Hyoid Bone - a small,
u-shaped bone in the front of the throat, above the Adam's
apple. It has many muscle and ligament attachments, and
is not immediately adjacent to any other bone.
Positive Hyoid Triangle
- an objective way of determining that the hyoid bone is
raised considerably above its proper position. This typically
occurs as a result of neck and TM joint injuries and objectively
verifies the potential presence of swallow dysphagia.
Loss of the Hyoid Triangle
- an objective way of determining that the hyoid bone is
raised above its proper position. This typically occurs
as a result of neck and TM joint injuries and objectively
verifies the potential presence of swallow dysphagia.
Negative Hyoid Triangle
- objectively indicates that the hyoid bone is in a normal
position
Straightened or Reversed
Curvature of the Cervical Spine - the normal relationship
of the cervical vertebrae involves the presence of a curve
in which the bow faces forward, matching the curvature of
the nose (lordosis). When the muscles of the neck are injured,
this normal curve may be lost, thereby producing a straight
neck, or even cause the curve to reverse in the opposite
direction (kyphosis).
Craniomandibular
- refers to the skull and mandible
Physiologic Length
- muscles have a normal length at rest, much like a rubber
band which always returns to its normal size when tension
is released
Decompress the Discs
- move the mandibular condyles down or forward to reduce
the pressure on the internal structures of this joint
Retrodiscal Tissues (bilaminar
zone) - tissue found posterior to the condyles, particularly
including blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and
ligaments
Electrogalvanic Stimulation
(high voltage stimulation) - an electronic physical
therapy modality employed to increase blood flow and normal
function of muscle while decreasing inflammation and spasm
Iontophoresis - an
electronic device which allows medication to pass through
the skin into a muscle or joint without the use of a needle
Ultrasound
- an electronic device which stimulates a crystal to vibrate
at a very high frequency. Its function is to provide heat
to deep structures and may be used to physically drive medications
into and beyond the skin (phonophoresis).
Phonophoresis - see
ultrasound
Transcutaneous Electrical
Neural Stimulation (TENS) - an electronic device used to
stimulate the body's own pain killers. In some cases, it
may aid in reducing inflammation.
Biofeedback - a computerized
system used to help the patient to control his/her own muscle
spasm and tension, or other physiological functions.
Physical Manipulation
- manipulative procedures such as joint mobilization, myofascial
release and progressive soft tissue stretching. These are
not chiropractic procedures.
Neuro Muscular Re-education
- exercise training to assist the patient to improve normal
function
Cryotherapy - cold
therapy
Trigger Area Injection
- trigger point injection; the use of local anesthetics
and other medications to bring about healing of very painful
muscle, fascia, skin, and other structures. The pain from
these areas is frequently felt at distant sites (referred
pain).
Internal Derangement
- damage of various types which may occur within a joint.
With respect to the TM joint, this may include anterior
disc displacement with or without reduction, torn ligaments,
condylar fractures, disc stretching or perforation, etc.
Disc Recapturing Appliance
- an orthosis which is used to assist in repositioning the
disc to its correct position above the condyle
Superior - above
Inferior - below
Medial - towards
the middle of the body
Distal - away from
the middle of the body
Masticatory Muscles
- the muscles involved most directly in the function of
chewing
Osteophyte - a bony
growth typically related to degenerative osteoarthritis.
In the temporomandibular joint osteophytes are typically
seen along the anterior surface of the condyle. In time,
these may break off and become loose bodies (joint mice)
which must be removed surgically.
Reactive Muscles
- muscles which are tender or painful under gentle pressure
Auscultation - process
of listening for sounds within the body
Epimysial Fibrosis
- scarification of the outermost sheath of connective tissue
that surrounds a skeletal muscle
Collagen - A fibrous
insoluble protein found in the connective tissue
Avascular - devoid
of blood vessels
Replacement Fibrosis
- replacement of muscle tissue with fibrous scar tissue
Undifferentiated Mesenchyme
- alteration in cell character to a more embryonic type.
A diffuse network of cells forming the embryonic mesoderm
and giving rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels,
the lymphatic system, and cells of the reticuloendothelium
system
Reflux of Gastric Contents
into the Esophagus - regurgitation of food, enzymes,
and acid from the stomach into the esophagus
Angina Pectoris -
severe pain and constriction about the heart, usually radiating
to the left shoulder and down the left arm, or, rarely,
from the heart to the abdomen
Renstrom, P., M.D.
- a well-known Swedish orthopedic surgeon and lecturer
Peripheral - located
at, or pertaining to, the periphery; occurring away from
the brain
Neurosurgery - Surgery
involving the nervous system
Radiofrequency Thermoneurolysis
- an electronic surgical procedure for turning off pain
impulses
Peripheral Neurosurgery
- surgery to turn off pain impulses at a site other than
the brain
Arthroscopy - a method
for visualizing the internal joint structures, including
the disc, using a small video camera with a lens which projects
into the joint. In addition, under certain circumstances,
surgical instruments which are passed through a second tube
which penetrates the joint, can be used for surgical alteration.
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF
TERMS AND PHRASES
A
Adhesion - 87
A-P Skull Radiograph -115
Airway Space - 148
Angina Pectoris - 185
Anterior Belly - 25
Anterior Cervical Muscles - 52
Anterior Head Posture - 48
Anterior Disc Displacement with Reduction - 82
Anterior Disc Displacement - 81
Anterior Vertebral Muscles - 64
Arthrodial Protractor - 107
Arthrogram - 130
Arthropathy - 90
Arthroscopy - 191
Articular Cartilage - 84
Atlas - 140
Auditory Canals - 40
Auricular - 15
Auscultation - 178
Avascular - 181
Axis - 141
B
Basi-occiput - 144
Belly - 25
Bilaminar Zone - 134, 158
Bilateral - 18
Biofeedback - 164
Body - 3
Bruxism - 58
C
C1, C2, C3, etc. - 139
Capsulitis - 98
CAT Scan (CT) - 131
Cephalometric Radiograph - 114
Cervicalgia - 91
Cervical Muscles - 52
Chondromalacia - 85
Collagen - 180
Collateral Ligament - 77
Condyle - 4, 121
Coronal View - 118
Coronoid Process - 23
Coronoid Tendonitis - 96
Corrected Transcranial Oblique Interincisal - 111
Corrugator Supercilii - 21
Craniocervical - 42
Craniofacial - 56
Craniomandibular - 155
Craniovertebral - 138
Cryotherapy - 167
D
Decompress the Discs - 157
Degenerative Changes - 69
Deglutition Testing - 49
Dens of C2 - 142
Dentition - 60
Diagnostic Anesthetic Block - 32
Digastric - 21
Digital Palpation - 16
Disc - 6
Disc Displacement with Reduction - 82
Disc Displacement without Reduction - 81
Disc Recapturing Appliance - 170
Distal - 174
Displaced - 123
Doppler Sonography - 30
Dorsal Scapular Nerve Syndrome - 33
Dysphagia - 50
E
Electrogalvanic Stimulation
- 159
Electrodes - 55
Electromyogram - 75
Elevator Muscles - 54
Epidemiologic - 63
Epimysial Fibrosis - 179
Esophagus - 184
External Pterygoid - 21
F
Fibrous Adhesion - 87
Fixation of a Vertebra - 43
Foramen - 43
Frontal - 11
Functional Manipulation - 17
G
Glenoid Fossa - 5, 124
H
Head & Shoulders - 106
Hemorrhage - 86
High Voltage Stimulation - 159
Hyoid Bone - 150
Hyoid Musculature - 149
Hyoid Syndrome - 103
Hyoid Triangle - 152
Hyperalgesia - 19
Hypercycloidal Tomography - 127
I
Inferior - 172
Inferior Segment - 68
Inflammatory Osteoarthritis - 136
Infra-hyoid Musculature - 38
Intercuspation - 22
Internal Derangement - 169
Internal Pterygoid - 21
Interstitial Myofibrositis - 97
Intervertebral Foramen - 43
Intervertebral Space - 70
Intracapsular - 137
Iontophoresis - 160
J
Joint Mice - 176
Jump Sign - 27
L
Lamina Dura - 57
Laminogram - 117
Lateral Collateral Ligament - 77
Lateral Deviation - 47
Lateral Skull Xray - 113, 114
Ligamentous Attachment - 79
Long Head of the Temporal Tendon - 37
Longus Colli - 24, 65
Loss of the Hyoid Triangle - 152
M
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) - 129
Mandible - 1
Mannkopf-Rumpf's Test - 44
Masseter - 21
Masticatory Elevator Muscles - 54
Masticatory Muscles - 175
Maxillary Region - 14
Maximum Intercuspation - 22
McGregor's Plane - 143
Medial - 173
Meniscus - 6
Mesenchyme - 183
Morphology - 122
Myalgia - 88
Myofascitis - 89
Myotatic Reflex - 51
N
Negative Hyoid Triangle
- 153
Neuro - 74
Neuro Muscular Re-education - 166
Neurosurgery - 188
Normal Concavity - 125
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)- 128
O
Occipital - 7
Occlusal Interference - 62
Omohyoid Syndrome - 102
Orthopantograph - 119
Orthosis - 76
Osseous Pathosis - 135
Osteophyte - 176
Otalgia - 93
P
P-A Skull Radiograph - 116
Palpable Band - 26
Palpation - 39
Parafunctional Habit - 59
Parietal - 9
Perforation - 80
Peripheral - 187
Peripheral Neurosurgery - 190
Phonophoresis - 161,162
Physical Manipulation - 165
Physical Medicine Modalities - 105
Physiologic Length - 156
Pooling - 83
Positive Hyoid Triangle - 151
Posterior Belly - 25
Posterior Capsulitis - 98
Posteriorization of the Mandible - 147
Posterior Ligamentous Attachment - 79
Posterior Spinous Process - 145
Postural Relationship of the Mandibular Dysfunction - 106
Provocation Testing - 31
R
Radiofrequency Thermoneurolysis
- 189
Ramus - 2
Range of Motion Studies - 41
Reactive Muscles - 177
Referred Pain - 168
Reflex Hyperactivity - 53
Reflux of Gastric Contents into the Esophagus - 184
Renstrom, P., M.D. - 186
Replacement Fibrosis - 182
Retro-Bulbar - 12
Retrodiscal Tissues - 158
Retro-Orbital - 12
Reverse Bow - 67
Reverse Curve - 66
Ricketts, Robert - 133
S
Scalenus Anticus - 21
Scalenus Medius - 21
Scalenus Muscles - 29
Short Head of the Temporal Tendon - 36
Stimulation (TENS) - 163
Straightened or Reversed Curve of the Cervical Spine - 154
Styloid Process - 120
Stylomandibular Ligament - 35
Stylomandibular Ligament Sprain Syndrome - 99
Submental Vertex Radiographs - 112
Sub-occipital - 13
Sub-occipital Nerves - 146
Superficial Temporal Artery - 108
T
Temporal - 8
Temporal Artery - 108
Temporalis - 21, 101
Temporalis Muscle - 101, 21
Temporal Tendonitis - 100
Tendonitis - 96, 100
Thermograph - 73
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - 34
Tinnitus - 94
Tomogram - 117
Tomograph - 71
Transcranial - 109
Transcranial Oblique Radiographs - 110
Transcutaneous Electrical Neural Stimulation (TENS) - 163
Translation - 126
Transorbital Radiographs of the TMJ - 72
Trapezius - 21
Trigger Area Injection - 168
Trismus - 132
Twitch Response - 28
U
Ultrasonic Doppler Sonography
- 30
Ultrasound - 161
Undifferentiated Mesenchyme - 183
Upper Quarter - 20
V
Vascular Pooling - 83
Vertebral Muscles - 64
Vertex - 10
Vertigo - 95
Z
Zygomandibularis - 21
Zygomatic Region - 14, 101
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